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Podcast 847: ECMO CPR
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has been attempted as an adjunct to CPR during cardiac arrest but few studies on outcomes exist One prior...
Podcast 846: Early Repolarization vs. Anterior STEMI
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Early repolarization a benign EKG pattern that can mimic an anterior STEMI Can be seen in the anterior leads typically in young male...
Podcast 845: Hyperkalemic Cardiac Arrest
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Hyperkalemia may cause cardiac arrest Treatment of suspected hyperkalemic cardiac arrest begins with typical management of cardiac arrest including high-quality CPR, defibrillation if...
Podcast 844: Dental Infections
Contributor: Meghan Hurley, MD Educational Pearls: Educational Pearls: Dental infections can be categorized into two main groups Infections of the gums Pericoronitis Tooth eruption leading to inflammation/irritation Can progress...
Podcast 843: Commotio Cordis
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Commotio cordis is sudden ventricular fibrillation precipitated by direct impact to the chest A national registry, US Commotio Cordis Registry, reports an average of...
Podcast 842: “History of Wound Care”
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Through world history, there have been various interesting approaches to wound care Ancient Egyptians applied honey, lint, and grease which provided antimicrobial, absorptive...
Podcast 841: History of Wound Care
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Through world history, there have been various interesting approaches to wound care Ancient Egyptians applied honey, lint, and grease which provided properties of...
Podcast 840: Abnormal Pediatric Vitals at Discharge
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Pediatric patients frequently have vital signs considered abnormal for age at discharge Large multicenter study recently evaluated if pediatric patients discharged with abnormal...
Podcast 839: Causes of Pancreatitis
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: The causes of pancreatitis can be remembered with the mnemonic: “GET SMASHED” G: Gallstones (Most common cause of pancreatitis overall) E: Ethanol (Alcohol...
Podcast 838: Sternoclavicular Septic Arthritis
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is uncommon accounting for <1% of septic arthritis cases Immunosuppression and IV drug use increases the risk...
Podcast 837: Snakebites
Contributor: Meghan Hurley, MD Educational Pearls: Venomous snakes in the United States include species from the family Elapidae and subfamily Crotalinae In prehospital setting, elevate the bitten extremity and...
Podcast 836: Humming to get EJ
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Two conventional ways to aid in external jugular vein (EJ) catheter placement are Trendelenburg’s position and Valsalva’s maneuver by patient One study compared...
Podcast 835: Syncope Review
Contributor: Meghan Hurley, MD Educational Pearls: Syncope is defined as a loss of consciousness with an immediate return to baseline Differential is broad Cardiogenic Structural (aortic stenosis, HOCUM, etc.)...
Podcast 834: Peds Buckle Fractures
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Torus (Buckle) fractures are a commonly encountered pediatric fracture pattern Typically presents as wrist pain secondary to a child falling on outstretched hand...
Podcast 833: NS vs LR
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Normal Saline (NS) contains 154 mEq of both Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl), and has a pH of 5.5 Normal Na and Cl...
CA Bridge Program and Health Disparities in the Opioid Epidemic
Happy Thanksgiving EMM listeners, Mason here wanting to extend a special thank you to all of you for tuning in to our show. Today we are featuring a special...
Podcast 832: STD Checks
Educational Pearls: Most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in North America: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) From the emergency department patients should be connected to follow-up care and educated on vaccine...
Podcast 831: O2 Targets
Contributor: Aaron Lessen,MD Educational Pearls: Recent study looked at mechanically ventilated patients in ED and ICU to determine if O2 saturation level impacted patient outcomes 2541 patients randomized to...
Podcast 830: Peripheral IV Flow Rates
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Gauge and length of catheter are determinants of flow rate Smaller gauges produce higher flow rate Longer catheters reduce flow rate Common IV...
Podcast 829: Monkeypox
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Monkeypox transmission is still occurring in the United States Transmitted by contact to exposed lesion MSM are a high-risk group for monkeypox infection...
Podcast 828: TXA Dosing Update
Contributor: Nick Hatch, MD Educational Pearls: In the setting of traumatic injury, tranexamic acid (TXA) is given to stabilize clots which minimizes bleeding and decreases risk of hemorrhagic shock ...
Podcast 827: Allergies in Peds
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Recent study evaluated if early exposure to an allergen impacted the rate of allergy development later in childhood Children were exposed to peanut,...
Podcast 826: STEMI Equivalents
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: The presence of a STEMI has traditionally been used to determine if a patient with acute chest pain requires urgent cath lab management...
Podcast 825: ALS vs PD Transport
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: In urban settings, it is becoming more common for police to transport critical patients from scene to hospital A 2022 multicenter observational study...
Podcast 824: Catheter-Related Blood Infections
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Catheter related blood infections were thought to be caused by skin flora seeding the catheter. Thus, significant effort is applied to sterility and...
Podcast 823: Immediate Resuscitative Thoracotomy
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Immediate resuscitative thoracotomy can be performed in the ED to gain rapid access to the thoracic cavity in cases of traumatic cardiac arrest...
Podcast 921: Meralgia Paresthetica
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Lateral Cutaneous Femoral Nerve Entrapment Syndrome, also known as Meralgia Paresthetica, results from entrapment of the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve, often as it...
Podcast 821: EKGs in Syncope
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: An EKG should be obtained quickly after a syncopal event to identify possible life-threatening causes such as ischemia and arrhythmia WOBBLER is a...
Podcast 820: Who Qualifies for Take-Home Naloxone
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: Home naloxone is traditionally given to those at high risk for opioid overdose such as those in the ED due to an opioid...
Podcast 819: Indiscriminate Lactate Testing
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Elevated lactate levels can be a useful indicator of critical illness in patients who meet SIRS criteria Lactate can also be elevated due...
Podcast 818: Local Anesthetics and LAST
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: There are two major groups of local anesthetics: Amide and Esther To recall what group an anesthetic belongs to, use this memory trick: ...
Podcast 817: MI Risk during Elections
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: 2020 retrospective study with dat from two California hospitals compared rates of cardiovascular admissions in a five day period two weeks before and...
Podcast 816: Ventilator Management in Asthmatics
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: The management of severe asthma or COPD exacerbation is complex, especially when the patient requires intubation/ventilation Asthma is an obstructive airway disease that...
Podcast 815: Fluid Resuscitation in Pancreatitis
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Historically, pancreatitis has been treated with aggressive IV fluid rehydration. Recently published data shows this may not be appropriate. A randomized, controlled, multi-hospital...
Podcast 814: Post-concussion Treatment
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Recent study looked at the impact of screen time on duration of post-concussive symptoms 125 patients aged 12-25 diagnosed with a concussion were...
Podcast 813: Pulse Oximetry
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Most oxygen in the body is bound to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin. Less than 1% of the oxygen in the body is dissolved in...
Podcast 812: PO Medications
Contributor: Nick Tsipis, MD Educational Pearls: PO medications are less frequently used in the ED due to their longer onset of action The position the patient is in when...
Podcast 811: Ketamine for Pain
Contributor: Lessen, Aaron MD Educational Pearls: Ketamine can be given at 0.2-0.3 mg/kg as subdissociative doses for pain control in the ED Ketamine coadministered with Haldol may reduce agitation...
Podcast 810: Tooth Replantation
Contributor: Jarod Scott, MD Educational Pearls: There is a 1-hour window for tooth replantation in ED Cold milk is often best transport media unless there is access to specialized...
Podcast 809: Achilles Tendon Rupture
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Achilles tendon rupture usually presents in younger, healthy patients after a sports injury Patients typically present complaining of an abrupt onset ankle pain...
Podcast 808: BVM and PEEP Valve
Contributor: Dylan Luyten, MD Educational Pearls: Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) is positive pressure within the lungs and maintained throughout the entire respiratory cycle. It is the pressure preventing...
Podcast 807: Ring Removal Tricks
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: If a patient is in significant pain, a digital block can be helpful. Pain management alone may allow for manual ring removal. Ring...
Podcast 806: Normal ECGs
Contributor: Jarod Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Physicians are typically advised not to trust computer interpretation of ECGs Retrospective study was done of computer interpreted normal ECGs to evaluate the...
Podcast 805: Tunneled Peritoneal Catheter
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Patients with recurrent ascites may need frequent outpatient or emergency department paracentesis which can be time consuming and uncomfortable for patients. Tunneled peritoneal...
Podcast 804: Brugada Criteria for V Tach
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: Tachycardia describes a heart rate of >120 beats per minute Wide Complex describes a QRS duration of >120 ms or 3 small boxes...
Podcast 803: Sedation During Intubation
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Awareness with recall of paralysis can occur in intubated and ventilated patients receiving paralytic medications Patients who suffer from this effect are at...
Podcast 802: Intranasal Medication Administration for Pediatric Patients
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Intranasal medication administration is a convenient, quick, and relatively painless option for pediatric patients Often used as an initial medication to help control...
Mental Health Monthly #14: Substance-Induced Psychosis (Part II)
In this second episode of a two-part mini-series, we feature Dr. Nadia Haddad, a Colorado psychiatrist, and Dr. Ricky Dhaliwal, an emergency medicine physician, as they discuss the various...
Podcast 801: Push Dose Vasopressors
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: There are two common options for push-dose vasopressor: phenylephrine and epinephrine. Both have been studied in the setting of the OR, but are...
Podcast 800: Mortality in Fevers
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: A recent study evaluated the association between the degree of fever and mortality rate in patients presenting to a set of Emergency Departments...
Podcast 799: EKG Abnormalities in Renal Failure
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: Patients in renal failure may have elevated serum potassium levels which can result in EKG changes. EKG changes in the setting of hyperkalemia...
Podcast 798: Digit Reimplantation
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Multiple factors affect if a digit can be reattached including: location of digit injury, mechanism of injury, duration since injury, preservation mechanism. Recommended...
Podcast 797: Vitamin C in Sepsis
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Prior, smaller studies showed intravenous Vitamin C given to patients with sepsis significantly improved patient mortality and additional outcomes. A recently published, randomized...
Podcast 796: Fluid Amounts in Septic Shock
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Septic shock management has traditionally endorsed rapid fluid resuscitation and the administration of vasopressors Current guidelines are for patients to initially receive a...
Podcast 795: Lithium Toxicity
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: Lithium remains a commonly used medication for treating bipolar disorder Lithium toxicity can be acute, acute-on-chronic, or chronic Measuring blood lithium level Therapeutic...
Podcast 794: Brain and Pain
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: Pain sensation is generated and modified by the brain Multiple case reports provide evidence that the degree of pain a patient experiences correlates...
Podcast 793: Postintubation Sedation and Analgesia
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: When intubating a patient, it is important to consider what medications will be used for post-intubation sedation and analgesia The common non-benzodiazepine sedating...
Podcast 793: Atypical Toxicology Overview in SI
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: There are several online products that have been marketed towards individuals with SI Sodium nitrite Food preservative that can cause methemoglobinemia when ingested...
Podcast 792: Rectal Prolapse
Contributor: Jarod Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Rectal prolapse is an evagination of the rectal tissue through the anal opening Factors that weaken the pelvic floor muscles increase the risk...
Podcast 790: Opioids vs OTC Pain Meds
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: NSAIDs are a potential alternative to opioids for pain management and are associated with decreased rates of adverse effects A recent study evaluated...
Podcast 789: DOAC
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) have surpassed Warfarin and Lovenox® for anticoagulation as they do not require injection and allow for easier discharge. In...
MHM: Substance-Induced Psychosis (Part I)
Substance-Induced Psychosis (Part I) In this first episode of a two-part mini-series, we feature Dr. Nadia Haddad, a Colorado psychiatrist, and Dr. Ricky Dhaliwal, an emergency medicine physician, as...
Podcast 788: Tracheostomy Bleeding
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Tracheostomy bleeding is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication that usually occurs within the first month of tracheostomy tube placement No matter how...
Podcast 787: TAVR and Stroke
Contributor: Nick Hatch, MD Educational Pearls: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an increasingly common endovascular procedure to treat aortic stenosis TAVR is an alternative to the open...
Podcast 786: Smiling Death
Contributor: Nick Hatch, MD Educational Pearls: “Smiling Death” describes the prehospital phenomenon of a person who is happy to be extricated from an extended period of crush injury, but...
Podcast 785: Pepper Spray
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Pepper spray is a chemical irritant derived from oleoresin capsicum (OC), an extract from pepper plants. It can be used by police for...
Podcast 784: Wastewater Surveillance for COVID
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: About 50% of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 will shed the virus in their feces Wastewater surveillance can be used to track COVID burden,...
Podcast 783: LAD Occlusion & Troponin
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: A study randomized 34 healthy patient to have their left anterior descending artery (LAD) occluded by balloon for 0, 15, 30, or 90...
Podcast 782: Ventilator Management
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Tidal volume is the amount of breath a patient receives in a single ventilation Traditional tidal volume (TV) setting was 10 ml/kg but...
Podcast 781: Foxglove, Dropsy, and Salvador Dali
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Foxglove plant contains the cardiac glycoside digoxin Foxglove leaf potions were once used to treat Dropsy; a historic term for symptoms of heart...
Podcast 780: Pediatric Sedation Post-Intubation
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Recent study looking at a pediatric emergency department to determine what percentage of patients after intubation received sedation within 10 minutes after intubation...
Podcast 779: Pulse Pressure in Trauma
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, normal is about 40 A narrow pulse pressure is generally thought...
Podcast 778: tPA for Frostbite Injury
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: Mild frostbite injury usually only requires supportive care In severe frostbite injury, patients should receive an immediate angiogram, be admitted, and receive tPA...
Podcast 777: Grass, Weed, and Ancient Rome
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Antiemetics were used in ancient Rome to help with sea-sickness and included toxic substances such as wine and wormwood and white hellborn The...
Mental Health Monthly #12: Management of Opioid Use Disorder with MAT (Medication-Assisted Treatment)
In this special episode of MHM, we feature Dr. Nadia Haddad, a Colorado psychiatrist, and Dr. Ricky Dhaliwal, an emergency medicine physician, as they discuss the implications of OUD...
Podcast 776: Single-Site Blood Cultures
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Traditionally, blood cultures are drawn from two separate sites despite no data to suggest this is better than drawing blood from one site...
Podcast 775: Olecranon Bursitis
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Olecranon bursitis refers to inflammation in the bursa of the elbow and can be due to infection or trauma Recent study examined treating...
On the Streets #13: Pre-hospital Cardiology Concepts
On this episode of On the Streets, our host, Jordan Ourada, talks with cardiologist, Dr. Chirag Chauhan, about all things cardiac. Highlighted topics: Wrist versus femoral access in the...
Podcast 774: Maggots
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Maggots were discovered as a therapy to help wound healing in WWI, but this fell out of favor after the discovery of penicillin...
Podcast 773: Atrial Fibrillation Medications
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that sometimes requires rate control in setting of rapid ventricular response (RVR) Calcium channel blocker and...
Podcast 772: Firearms in Suicidal Ideation
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Firearms are a dangerous potential method of committing suicide Death occurs in about 5-15% of suicide attempts overall, but death in suicide attempts...
Podcast 771: Intubation in Cardiac Arrest
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: In a secondary analysis of the PART trial, the mortality effect of timing of airway management for patients in cardiac arrest was examined...
Podcast 770: Xylazine
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: Xylazine, referred to as tranq dope colloquially, is an FDA approved animal tranquilizer that is circulating in the illicit drug markets of the...
Podcast 769: Pressors After Cardiac Arrest
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Hypotension after cardiac arrest often requires a vasopressor to improve blood pressure Recent observational study from France examined outcomes of patients who received...
Mental Health Monthly #11: De-escalation: Changing Confrontation to Collaboration
Contributor: Dr. Kimberly Nordstrom De-escalation usually takes less time than physical and chemical restraints, which leads to decreased injury to staff members, better patient trust and increased patient...
Podcast 768: Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: 3% of cases of acute coronary syndrome are due to Takotsubo Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or “broken heart syndrome” can occur with severe physiologic or...
Podcast 767: Transaminitis and Rhabdomyolysis
Contributor: Sam Killian, MD Educational Pearls: Transaminitis refers to the elevation of transaminases, enzymes of the liver (AST and ALT) Elevation of ALT is relatively specific to the...
Podcast 766: Truth about Tramadol
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Tramadol is often thought of as a mild-opiate to use for analgesia, but it is a more complicated drug Tramadol needs to be...
Podcast 765: Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Retrospective cohort study looked at return rate of discharged patients after receiving either phenobarbital or benzodiazepines or both in the ED for treatment...
Podcast 764: Myth or Merit: Beta-Blockers for Cocaine Chest Pain
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Many are taught that patients with cocaine chest pain should not receive beta-blockers due to unopposed alpha agonism, but is this true? 363...
Podcast 763: Sternoclavicular Infection
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Septic arthritis can occur at any joint, including the sternoclavicular joint Sternoclavicular joint infections comprise 1% of all bone and joint infections Patients...
UnfilterED #14: Patricia Hernandez, MSIV and Leyanet Gonzalez, MSIV
Tune in for a double feature with our Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Award winners from this fall as Nick asks them about their backgrounds, what brought them into medicine...
Podcast 762: Endocarditis
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Variability of organisms in infecting the myocardial valves Duke Criteria for Infective Endocarditis includes three categories that can be used to definitively diagnose...
Podcast 761: Peritonsillar Abscess: To Stab or Not to Stab?
Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Often present with complaints of sore throat, pain with swallowing, difficulty swallowing, voice change, and possible fever Retrospective study from 2018 evaluated outcomes...
Podcast 760: Why Fentanyl is the Worst
Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: Fentanyl’s common administration route through pills has lowered the psychological barrier of using opioid compared to injecting and smoking heroin Fentanyl is showing...
Mental Health Monthly #10: The Elderly Psychotic Patient
Dr. Kim Nordstrom, a practicing emergency psychiatrist and associate professor with the University of Colorado, discusses various work-up models alongside valuable bedside tools for elderly patients with acute psychosis....
Podcast 758: Vaccine Safety During Pregnancy
Contributor: Nick Tsipis, MD Educational Pearls: Observational study in Israel evaluated cohort of vaccinated pregnant women receiving the initial Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine Looked at 24,288 newborns with about...
Podcast 757: History of Fevers and Thermometers
Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Dr. Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich, of the mid-1800s, was the first physician to suggest temperature was related to disease processes and his measurements...
Podcast 756: Violence Towards ED Staff
ACEP survey was done in 2018 looking at violence towards staff in the ED with only 10% of those solicited responding Survey found 47% of respondents were assaulted and...
Podcast 755: Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
Contributor: Peter Bakes, MD Educational Pearls: Tubo-ovarian abscess is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease Usually presents with chief complaint of abdominal pain and is often diagnosed by...
Podcast 754: Balanced Fluids vs. Normal Saline, The Battle Continues
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Normal saline is thought to interfere with renal function and cause an acidosis and balanced fluids (like lactated ringers) are a better option...
Podcast 753: Ring Cutting Raptors
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Techniques regarding ring removal in the ED were evaluated in a recent study which looked at using trauma shears versus the motorized ring...
Podcast 752: Budesonide for COVID
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Recent study evaluated budesonide for outpatient COVID-19 infection treatment to see if there was a decrease in length of illness or hospitalization rates...
Podcast 751: The Bougie Trial
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: An endotracheal tube introducer or bougie are often used as a rescue device during difficult intubations as they are small and can be...
Mental Health Monthly #9: Suicide Assessment in the ED: Using the ICAR2E Tool
Dr. Kim Nordstrom discusses a valuable bedside tool for evidence-based assessment in patients that visit the ED and are at risk for suicidality. Dr. Nordstrom is a practicing emergency...
Podcast 750: Take Home Naloxone
Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Think about giving take home naloxone kits for anyone on long-term opioids as well as anyone with an opioid use disorder, those in...
Podcast 749: PCC for Me?
Contributor: Nick Tsipis, MD Educational Pearls: Prothrombin complex concentrate (Kcentra) and Vitamin K are used to reverse life-threatening bleeds in patients on warfarin (Coumadin) Factors II, VII, IX, and...
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